Year of Wonders Essay Example for Free

Year of Wonders EssayGeraldine Brooks work of historical fiction, Year of Wonders, concentrates on emotional and physical conflict and the innate response of the villagers of Eyam at a time of crisis. The unused reflects on Anna Frith, an ordinary resident of the village, highlighting her profound psychological and emotional development as the events unfold. With the guidance of Elinor Mompellion, Anna endeavoured to support her community throughout the plague, establishing the archetype of hero.Although the central female characters of the novel, Anna and Elinor, were conveyed as heroic, the majority of women struggled to have any celebrated substantiative impact, largely due to the oppression of their dominant husbands. Further more(prenominal), there were a number of male characters who strived to do good, contrary to their generalisation of be characterised as ostracise and destructive. However, the focus of heroism is drawn towards the female characters. Annas effort s throughout the plague were transcendent, surpassing that of any other villager.The novel encompassed Annas journey throughout the course of events, having significantly more importance to the plot than the plague itself. However, it was Elinor that begun Anna on her journey, helping her see that the good she could do, no matter how trivial, could help others profoundly. It was through Elinor that Anna discovered hope, which fuelled her desire to step up as the compassionate hero of Eyam. She was able to accomplish this by detaching herself from religious ideology, which was the cause of valet seeing the world in dark and light which was how she was taught to mentation the world.Anna was able to fully embrace life, which enabled her to develop a passion for midwifing, fulfilling her characterisation as a hero. Elinors endeavours concerning the crisis, too, was of a benevolent nature. When juxtaposing the two heroines, it is do clear they atomic number 18 extraordinarily similar in personality they both had an intimate relationship with nature. Although both Anna and Elinor carried incredible emotional burdens, neither relinquished their duties as carers of the village.There had been so much futile effort expended since the coming of the Plague, and yet they continued to support thers, displaying the characteristics of a true hero. There were a number of male characters in the novel who were committed to relieving the burden the plague had put on the villagers, but none more so than Michael Mompellion, the Anglican rector of Eyam. He was a man high-flown by exceptional courage, nobility and strength the ideal hero. This was evident in his efforts as the intrinsic leader of the village, reassuring them that the plague was an act of God, and that they must self-assertion in God to perform His wonders.Michaels actions throughout the novel was continually justified as being a part of Gods will maintaining his namesake as being a soldier of God he was able t o embrace what God had given them. With his persuasive aural techniques, Michael was able to convince the community to quarantine themselves for the sake of humanity Let us carry the burden in Gods Holy Name There was no malevolent intention with this sacrifice the sole purpose was to help carry on the souls of the people, directing them on a path of salvation.Tending to those who lay dying from the ill-effects of the plague, Michael sought to help those atone from their sins, helping them escape from the world cruelly assail by the plague. Although his pledge that none should die alone had become a heavy burden upon him, Michael continued to do so, proving that, beyond doubt, his communal deeds were protagonistic. The fire majority of women were unable to develop an independent understanding of the plague, due to being fettered by their male kin they did not make any positive contribution to plague efforts.However, this was not uncommon in the seventeenth century women were mad e to be a mans chattel. Anna and Elinor are two female characters who were able to guide themselves in plague affairs As a widow, Anna is truly independent Elinor is not constrained by her husband, Michael, when there is potential for a positive exit to her actions. On the other hand, every other female character in the novel (omitting Anys and Mem Gowdie) is shackled by their husbands or fathers, being unable to claim independence. Women were laboured to follow the master of the house in their ideas and values.A notable example is Colonel Bradfords treatment of Mrs. Bradford, who seemed to take a perverse amusement in belittling his wife. ladened women were unable to establish their own methods of supporting others through the plague they were forced to do what they are told. It appears Brooks intended to omit any account of any other woman in the village stepping up as a hero, possibly to further highlight Anys independence and Annas journey to become self-sufficient. In a g eneral sense, it is blatant that the female characters cannot claim to be more heroic than the male characters.Year of Wonders focuses on human response to pandemonium. In particular, the novel highlights how original characters have the potential to take charge during a crisis, becoming heroes. Anna, Elinor and Michael are among those who were able to accomplish this. Neither gender could be generalised as being more heroic than the other when the plague encapsulated Eyam, though. However, other female characters had the potential to fill the shoes of a hero their role in society made this impossible. It was only the women who claimed independence who were able to demonstrate a sound attempt in supporting plague efforts.

The Drug Problem Essay Example for Free

The Drug Problem EssayDrugs have been a consistent problem of the society. For a long time, the drug problem has been regarded as a criminal problem. Treating it as a criminal problem has only resulted in criminalization and I believe that accepting the drug problem as a social problem could prove more beneficial to the society primarily beca do there is nothing wrong with merely using or possessing these drugs. The laws of man argon based on ethical standards and there is nothing unethical with the possession and the use of the drug. Drugs have only gained its contradict image because of negative propaganda.Also, legalizing drugs would come with a load of benefits. According to Benson Roe, professor emeritus and chair of the Cardiothoracic Surgery at the University of California, illegal drugs have not been proven to have any long-term negative effectuate on the health of people. He narrated an incident when he was removing heart valves from some infected intravenous drug us ers and getting curious about the effects of the drugs on the users, he went to consult the San Francisco coroner only to discover that the only deaths caused by drugs is through infection contracted through unsafe intravenous injections and actually rare cases of overdose (Roe).Roe indicated that no reliable and objective evidence points to drugs as more harmful than any of the pumps that are not outlawed. It is often soundless that society should keep its citizens away from drugs but the reasonableness for this is unclear (Roe). If no evidence points to drugs being harmful, I strongly believe that there is no reason for drugs to be banned from the society. Also, drugs have never been proven to cause violent behavior.This aspect of the drugs may be blamed on the media since media entities often include the forge drug-related to a detestation even as no direct evidence points to the as the motivating factor for the crime. Merely the presence of drugs in a crime scenario is eno ugh for irresponsible media practitioners to blame it (Jackson, 1998) since sensationalism sells. Often, the crime is propel by another external factor. The media is unknowingly contributing to the negative drug propaganda (Jackson, 1998). Many politicians besides play as advocates of the drug laws just for the sake of forwarding their political campaigns (Jackson, 1998).Anti-drug campaigns always make use of vague and emotive statements to get the support it necessarily from the public (Russel, 1999). One take for entitled Hugs not Drugs A Drug Abuse Prevention Manual published in the Philippines starts off with a storey of how a bright and studious teenage girl got hooked with drugs. The girl later dropped out from school and had relationships with men that took advantage of her. Many anti-drug campaigners make use of such stories to say that drugs are bad. I nevertheless believe that these stories are not proof of drugs being bad. In the case of this girl, her actions might have been motivated by something else.She may have problems with her family or may have been sexually abused which is why she resorted to using drugs at a very young age. The book alike indicates that crime experts have already established a link between drug use and juvenile and violent crimes. The source of the information was however not cited making it questionable. The book also does not have a clear reference page. This kind of practice is never accepted in the schoolman world and is evidence of a black propaganda. Drug laws have not been helpful to the society rather, it is the best ally of the drug pushers (Jackson, 1998).Drugs prices would not be so high if drugs were legal. Legalizing drugs would come with price and quality regulations. The price of drugs would be cheaper when regulated and the already minimal cases of death caused by infected injections and rare cases of overdose would also more likely be eliminated if drugs are to be regulated since the purity of the drugs would be assured. Also, information on proper dosage levels would be made for sale to the public. Additionally, the government would get additional revenue from the taxed drug trade (Roe). One country has tried legalizing drugs to regulate it.This country is Holland. They treat drugs as a social problem rather than as a criminal problem. Great Britain which implements stricter drug laws have higher crime rates of robbery, burglary, shoplifting and theft from cars compared to Holland. Having drugs legalized in Holland has broadly speaking brought crime rate down (Rose, 2002). Drugs are not evil. There is nothing wrong with possessing or using drugs. It is also not a harmful substance unlike what many people and so-called intellectuals call it. Legalizing drugs would work wonders and Holland is a living proof of it.The already minimal number of deaths caused by drugs would be lessen even more. Crime will also decrease as drugs become more affordable. Clearly, there is nothing unethical about the use and possession of drugs. yet as some people under the influence of drugs show violent behaviour, it is not a direct result of the drug. Other factors affect the behavior of a person. Ethical concepts are not used as the basis of drug laws and a law which is not based on ethical principles is not a good law.ReferencesRoe, Benson MD. wherefore We Should Legalize Drugs. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http//www. druglibrary.org/schaffer/Misc/roe1. htm Osorio, Susan. (1997). Hugs Not Drugs A Drug Abuse Prevention Manual. Manila Mail Publication Philippines. Jackson, Ted. 3 December 1998. Why are drugs illegal. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http//www. a1b2c3. com/drugs/law01. htm Rose, David. 24 February 2002. Two Countries Took the Drug Test. Who Passed?. The Guardian. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http//www. guardian. co. uk/uk/2002/feb/24/drugsandalcohol. Davidrose Russel, Ken. 1999 July-August. Propaganda The War On Drugs. New Dawn Magazine. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from ttp//www. mapinc. org/drugnews/v99/n711/a10. html

Hoani Waititi Social Services Case Study

Hoani Waititi Social Services Case StudyWeizhi You (Peter) Alternative assistance placement for BD workplace hoani waititi sociable operate1 Outline the discipline and issues relevant to the determinations close to the alternative placement for this individual.BD is a 13years old boy. The boys parent are both not works and they are drug and drunk everyday. The boy couldnt receive the good care from the family, not enough food, always wear on dirty clothes. Hes suffered from abuse in verbal and physical. The grandparents c completelyed the social services for some do because they are old and could not look subsequently BD, and they would like BD to be placed in foster care. After discuss with grandparents, the social workers decide to re proceed BD from the parents care to another family which is full of love and bequeathing to look after DB. The social worker concerned the parents of DB and told them that their children will leave them until they change them self and find the mselves.2 What other randomness did you need to obtain? guard duty The mortal is safe from whatsoever kind of harm that comes from themselves, or any other person. Make sure he wont be maltreat in foster care. Check if he is at risk of running away from foster are.Well cosmos We need to check the boys wellness situation and the psychology health situations.The persons wellbeing is looked after for Maori people wellbeing should be considered in the holistic sense. We need concerned the family members and nonplus a family meeting to discuss about it.Arrange the trim back for grandparents.3Key points of information provided to the parties involved or other observationsThe boy is so dull and dont want to talk with others and hide on the hazard of grandparents. So we spend the tie with BD and build the trust.The grandparents arrive at pain legs and sore back who need take medications every day and no family members can take BD, so foster family is necessary.4Outline how decisi on making was facilitated in unanimity with the service suppliers standardGain information that is relevant to the decision making process. Before an Alternative Placement happens, the families including SW, BD, BD parents and BD grandparents may meet some(prenominal) times to discuss and share relevant information, issues and needs of the lymph gland for their safety and wellbeing.The safety and wellbeing of BD is the subject of an alternative care placement is the first stipulationSocial workers use verbal and non-verbal communications to obtain information relevant to decision makingObtaining sufficient information to facilitate decision making about the alternative care placement holds all information and issues relevant to all parties involved in the decision about the alternative care placement extend the information confidential, and get family consent to discuss family concerns with outside agencies e.g drug agency.5 other notes which gleam on the decision making pro cessThe boy and the whanau will have the different preferences for the placement, perhaps related to the ease of access for visiting etc.Cultural issues are an important consideration for social workers, particularly when relations with Maori.Some information may reflect on the decision making process including Health needs, Language, safety, clients privacy,spiritual needs, Dietary needs, Medication needs, Physical simplicityTask 2Student name weizhi you(peter)Alternative care placement for BDWorkplace hoani waititi social services1 Outline any further or additional information or issues relevant to the decisions about the alternative placement for this individual.DB is more shy and silent at first week, but with the help of social workers and new families, he becomes improved both in physical and psychology health. For the spiritual support, the social worker bring him to the marae to join in maori activities and hold maori culture. DB made friend with them and develop his soci al network. But from the feedback of school, he is not focus on study and seldom do the homework.BD will go to the same school so he wont need to involved at another school. He always walk to school.BD is happy to bang in the foster family, the risk of running away is low.2How did you plan the placement in line with the decisions of the parties involved and any other let on people?The social workers keep contact with family members involved. They keep contact with the fostr family and BD, gain feedbacks and make headway plan to help BD get used in the new family. They also contact with BDs parents and grandparents. portion BDs parents stop drug and find a job to earn some money. They have a talk with the school and the teacher of BD whence the school decide to spend extra hours to help BD study.3 how did you plan the placement in line with ethical practice?Followed agencys policies/protocols. appreciateable practice, the ethics of social work practice also need to apply to dec isions about alternative care placements. For example, it will be unethical to tell the persons family the only place available was one a long distance away, because it had a vacancy and social worker can end their intricacy quickly and move on to another case. A place was found nearly to garandparentss home and easy to visit, families kept informed at all times of all the decision making.4 how did you make sure that everything you did was focused on the current and future safety of the person who needed the alternative care placement?BD need to moved from home because he couldnt receive the properly care from parents which is bad for his well beings. The social worker together with relevant people needs to determine the best alternative care placement for BD, with the safety and wellbeing of the person as the first consideration.5 key points of information provided or other obeservationsThe parents of BD have agree to receive the help from the community and local organizations to stop drug.BD is happy living in the foster home.6 epitome how be after was facilitated in accordance with the service providers standards. Give examplesFollowed agencys policies.Family Group Conference (FGC) lead by Youth umpire Co-ordinator and Social Work.Family group conference (FGC) supported CYF care as an interim measure.completion of checklists all the paper should be done and checked, it need to be reduce by social worker, care provider and families.security of information make sure that all the information through inside the person who is involved.Confidentiality and keeping spotless records of conversations or meetingsSocial workers acknowledging the needs and issues of parties to the alternative care placement, use the interpersonal skills to work with the different parties and make sure everything goes on line.7other notes reflect on the planning processHome environment low risk high risk safety issues. Always consider persons safety and well being first.Family vis it provide spiritual support.Task 3Student name weizhi you(peter)Alternative care placement for BDWorkplace hoani waititi social services1how did you encourage self-government of the person who is the subject of the alternative care placement?To encourage self-determination performer encouraging families members to the plan to fulfil their identified roles, and to take ownership of these roles. colony on the social worker or social service provider needs to be disapproved. Encourage grandparents to visit. Provide BDs parents 2or 3 councilling agencies to choose to process their problems.Outlined agencys objectives and appropriate legislation, backing up agencies mandate/kaupapa.Fully informed BD and whnau/family of the parameters and scope of the meeting, and allowed them to define the best options. Informed all the decision making at all times out front it satarts.Where possible I (agency) worked collaboratively with the family to find a middle ground where agency mandate and whnau choices werent aligned.2how did you discourage dependency on you as the social worker and the social service provider?Gave space (and resourced where necessary) so the whnau/family could define their own possible solutions. Give them 2to3 effectual local agencies and let BDs parents choose the way to help themselves.Where possible the agency would step aside, so the family/whnau could step up.3how did you assist key people in the implementation of the plan to identify progress?I will provide key people with a care-plan that included key indicators of progress, such as attendance school regularly, keeping curfew, behavioural contract etc and informed all decision making at all times.4how did you assist parties to the plan to review the plan? What if any further options were identified? If the plan was amended, how was it amended?Regular meetings to review progress were held between social service provider,BD , whnau and care giver(s). to check the which task has been achived so furthermost and what to improve.When implementation of the plan is complete, the plan (in its entirety) needs to be reviewed. In some cases the review will result in further options being identified. The review may also determine some different outcomes in terms of achievement of objectives and these also need to be recorded in the plan5 key points of information provided or other observationsParents have enrolled the drug councilling center6outline the implementation was in accordance with the service providers standardsCultural practices were followed eg a karakia/ mercy was arranged for BD when he arrived at the home.The checking in processes was completed fully, including areas such as health and safety, and rules for behaviour etc were explained to BD.7other notes reflect on the implementation processHis study in school have a big improve under the help of teacher.Task 4Student name weizhi you(peter)Alternative care placement for BDWorkplace hoani waititi social services1h ow you know you had completed your required tasks or affair in the plan?DB is now in foster care family and the parents were enrolled in drug councilling. BD attend the school regular and make new friends. When the implementation of the alternative care placement is complete, it is time for the social worker to complete their involvement in the plan. Always first consider the safety and wellbeing of the person who is the subject of the alternative care placement.2what possible future involvement might be required from the social service provider in this case? Think about factors that may lead to further contact being needed, what functions or services a social service provider might offer the person in the future, and how the person could go about re-establishing contact with social service providerThe parents may need parenting program to help them learn how to take care of BD. If the parents could not stop drug and abuse on BD, in this situation, BD have to move to another home. The social workers will provide many suggestions and some useful organizations for them. If they need services in the future, they can ring the organizations again.3notesor key points of information acquire or other obeservatons madeSocial workers tasks were clearly finished on the care plan, and the plan was updated to show they were completed.Transition from home to residential care completed.4outline how the closure was in accordance with the service providers standardsReview the items that were part of your role or responsibility in the plan. Check you have completed them all, and completed all related documentation etc.Consult with the other parties to the plan. Check that they consider you have completed your responsibilities, or whether there is something else they were expecting you to do.Handover meeting with host home family, BD and whnau.5outline how you made sure information was kept confidentialFollowed agency privacy insurance. For example, consent from whnau to share information with alternative education provider was received.6provide two examples of how your actions were in accordance with relevant legislation. Name the legislation in the example.Privacy Act I (agency) only kept information that was necessary for the social function of facilitating BDs placement in the host home.CYPF Act both BD and whnau were kept informed of decisions made, and wherever possible involved in the decision making process.7other notes reflect on the closure processAll parties updated and keep contacting with them.Provider policy followed, case file checked and updated, renew the information and regular check visit BD.Task5How tiriti o Waitangi in social services? Give 3 examples how your actions on placement were guided by the tiriti.There are four principles in the Te Tiriti o Waitangi to ensure that maoris rights were covered including partnership, protection, participation and permission.A partnership in good faith between two Maori and Crown, for that pr inciple, when engaging with Maori or creating policy that could affect Maori, the Social Service organisations ensure needs of Maori are prioritised. In order to make ensure Maori have rangatiratanga rights over their taonga, always consultation with Maori leaders and management when organisational policies are being discussed. Te Tiriti o Waitangi applies in social services including ensure that all social services have a bi-cultural perspective. For example, we respect our maori client, maori way to deal with things, our maori workmates and clients families, keep good relationship with them.Protection for that principle, it allowed maori to exercise their Tino Rangatiratanga (absolute sovereignty) over all of their taonga(land), and benefit from these. Taonga in Maori language means land, resources, language, knowledge, and other aspects of the Maori way of life. Maori have the rights to enjoy their taonga in social service settings, and social service organisations must respect t heir way of life. It protect Maoris rights to make choices that best serve their culture, that line with tika and kawa, suit their traditions and practices customary. For example, we working in the maori marae, we follow their traditional cultures and their process in the marae, we are not allowed to bring the food into marae and run off the phone, no noisy when join the formal welcome.Participation it ensure that maori take part in the social counseling and have the equal rights with crown. hearing at all levels with Maori. It must be service accessibility for Mori. Allowed Maori choose their models of health i.e (Te Whare Tapa Wha) rather than western models when working with Mori. So when we working with maori, we should knowing their needs and their culture respect, provide their prefer ways to help them.Task6How your actions throughout the process of contributing to the facilitation? At least 3 examples and include your inflections from your activities in this assessment all linked to theory for social service practice.respect my client, always ask their permission, I always collect the family agreement before the action and listen to my client, respect their choices and their maori way to do things. And I respect their culture, when enter Maura, I will follow their traditional approach and customs.Gain information that is relevant to the decision making process. Before an Alternative Placement happens, the families including SW, BD, BD parents and BD grandparents may meet several times to discuss and share relevant information, issues and needs of the client for their safety and wellbeing.We keep contact with family members involved. Keeping contact with the fostr family and BD, gain feedbacks and make plan to help BD get used in the new family. Contacting with BDs parents and grandparents. Helping BDs parents stop drug and find a job to earn some money.Weizhi you 13010121-- 1

The World Aircraft Manufacturing Industry

The World Aircraft Manufacturing manufactureIntroductionAs the globalisation spreads extinct the whole world, the connection betwixt each country becomes closer. Airplane as one means of transportation also plays an important role to support globalisation. Boeing and Airbus ar the two largest moneymaking(prenominal) aircraft manufacturer in the industry. This essay is focus on the market for commercial aircraft manufacturing by analysing competitive factors in the industry and comparing with individualised computers market.BackgroundThe world aircraft manufacturing Industry can be divided into Military Space Aero-body structure and commercial aircraft (Sedaei.S, 2007). In the Figure 1, it shows the segments of world aircraft manufacturing industry..jpgSource Commercial Aircraft IndustryThe passenger commercial aircraft is important in the aircraft manufacturing industry (Sedaei.S, 2007). In the large aircraft manufacturing, Boeing as the first producer, its quick development h ad made it become nearly a monopoly in the commercial aircraft. It made the prospect of airline worried. During the late 1970s, the nature of the industry was changed by European aircraft manufacturing. France and Great Britain created the Concorde with strong aviation industry, and then unite with West Germany to build up Airbus (Sedaei.S, 2007). Since Lockheed quitted in 1986, and McDonnell Douglas was merged by Boeing Company, the commercial aircraft manufacturing market is an oligopoly dominated by Boeing and Airbus (Besanko, 2007)Analysis of Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing IndustryMarket structureIn the market, a few sellers control a significant amount of the market for the industry, which is defined as oligopoly. In the oligopoly, there are barriers to enter, due to the confinement of technologies and raw materials and so on. Also, the firms in the oligopoly are interdependent, which means that the action of one firm entrust influence all the other firm. Moreover, the non- terms competition is engaged in the oligopoly (Besanko, 2007).As mentioned above, the commercial aircraft market has been in an effective duopoly by Boeing and Airbus..jpgIn the Figure 2, it reveals the market share of Boeing and Airbus. These two companies control the whole commercial aircraft manufacturing industry. Because of the oligopolistic between Boeing and Airbus, the competitive relationship will depend on the instances of strategic interaction. According to the market structure of commercial aircraft manufacturing industry, each firm would like to consider the actions of others when devising decision (Cook.A.J, 2008).Competitive FactorsThe five-force frame work is the one of efficient ways to analyse the industry. The Figure 3 presents the five forces internal rivalry, substitutes and complements, entry, supplier power and emptor power.Figure 3 The Five-Force FrameworkInternal Rivalry is pointed to the competition within the industry. Price competition and non-price co mpetition are involved on the competition of firms. receivable to the particularity of commercial aircraft manufacturing industry, which is its price elasticity of demand is not large, it is hard to erode profit by cutting down price- bell margin (Besanko, 2007). Therefore, the market engages in non-price competition. In the non-price competition, the firms can appoint profit by increasing stubborn costs, such as new intersection development, and marginal cost like adding product features (Besanko, 2007). Except for crisis in 2001, Boeing and Airbus keeps backlogs which can take them long time to finish. It is found that neither Boeing nor Airbus can broaden market share rapidly with high fixed costs during this time. However, when it comes to downturn, Boeing and Airbus are willing to decrease the product capacity and make a deal with each other to face the declining backlogs (Tuttle.M, 2004). Recently, in order to make products differentiation, Airbus has developed its A380, wh ich is a double-decker plane with over 550 seats. To maintain the market share, Boeing plans to concentrate on 350-passenger 787 dreamliner which is to be more fuel efficient than the others instead of creating sonic Cruiser (Boeing.com, nd). Furthermore, the political sympathies subsidies is one of the drivers in the competition of commercial aircraft manufacturing. Since the airbus is generated by France, Germany and Great Britain, it received subsidies from European governments. With these subsidies, to some extent Airbus can undercut to the price of Boeing and gain the market share. To Boeing, it is also supported by US government on military aircraft, so that it can remain its competitiveness in commercial aircraft manufacturing (Besanko, 2007).Substitutes is an important factor affect the demand of products. To make profit, substitutes operate in the same way by stealing business and enhancing the internal competition (Besanko, 2007). In terms of the airline, the substitute for Boeing and Airbus is the airplane made by others. In detail, it is not economical that using medium and large capacity to fly with nonstop point-to-point run low. Thus, it labored Canadian manufacturer Bombardier and Brazilian Manufacturer Embraer to fill in this gag. These two manufacturers created regional jets, and 2000 regional jets sold to date. Undoubtedly, it shocked to traditional workhorses Boeing 737s and Airbus 320s. However, the demand for air travel is climbing up, and some carriers suppose to choose Boeing and Airbus to maintain profitability (Cook.A.J, 2008). Some indirect substitutes include the other means of transportation, such as high-speed railing in Japan, which can only impact on regional aircraft in certain routes (Besanko, 2007).Barriers to entry depend on the limitation of raw materials and technologies and so on. The commercial aircraft manufacturing is a special industry with high development costs and experience- found advantage, which makes diffi culties on entering. For example, the Airbus takes $ 13million to manufacture the A380. That will be a large amount to an incumbent and the non-experienced will make incumbents to be risky (Besanko, 2007).Suppliers and Buyers are another two forces. Boeing and Airbus can get raw materials and components from supplier markets. In order to tie up with suppliers, Boeing has engraft up its Global Airlines Inventory Network, which can order spare parts from suppliers directly (Besanko, 2007). Concerned with buyers, each has limit power which are airlines and leasing companies. Because of the few substitutes, the tokenish backlogs orders can be kept with its rival competition. Moreover, during the recession, the orders can be canceled by buyers. The cancellation will influence the profitability (Lipczynski.J, 2001).Comparison with personal marketPersonal computers put one over delivered an important position in the daily life. The personal computer varies in different types workstatio n, desktop computer, single unit, nettop, laptop, netbook, table PC, Ultra-mobile PC, home theater PC and pocket PC (Reimer.J, 2005). Also, there are many competitors in the market for personal computers, such as HP, Dell, Acer, Lenovo, Apple, ASUS and Toshiba. Therefore, the market for person market can be described as monopolistic competition.Different from oligopoly, the monopolistic competition involves many producers and consumers, and no exact business can control the whole market (Lipczynski.J, 2001). For instance, the Boeing and Airbus most control the commercial aircraft manufacturing industry. Whereas, different brands in horizontal differentiation and different types in horizontal differentiation exist in personal computers and they are substitutes. In the short run, it can coif as monopolies to gain profit wit market power. In the long run, due to the freedom of entry and exit, it can behave like perfect competition (Besanko, 2007).Also, the new product development in personal computers market is independent. The firms can make decisions despite of effects come from the competitors (Shepherd.W.G, 1997). For instance, in the commercial aircraft manufacturing, Boeing and Airbus are interdependent which means the actions of one will entirely influence the other. Once Airbus develops A380 as new product, Boeing abandon its original plans to develop 787. Without the government subsidies, the innovation seems to be difficult owing to the high fixed cost. On the contrary, the producers in personal computer can develop new product based on customer preferences independently.Compared with personal computers, the growth opportunities in commercial aircraft manufacturing are limit. Because of the oligopoly, non-price competition and interdependent relationships is included. Boeing and Airbus have its own customer loyalty, the high operation cost and technologies. It is hard for them to stealing business and market share from each other. However, in the pers onal computer market, free entry makes the entrants can obtain the profits when sellers plume prices above marginal cost, and can offer customers much more new flavors, styles, and so on (Besanko, 2007).ConclusionOverall, the market structure of commercial aircraft manufacturing industry is oligopoly. Boeing and Airbus possess the largest market share in duopoly. The competitive factors come from both internal and external, which are internal rivalry, substitutes, barriers to entry, suppliers and buyers, influence the firm growth, new product development and price of the commercial aircraft manufacturing market. Compared with the market for personal computers, they are different owing to different market structure which is monopolistic competition. The personal computers can do innovation freely and large space to grow.

Terrorism Effect On Tourism Industry In Pakistan Tourism Essay

terrorism Effect On tourism industry In Pakistan Tourism EssayFirst of exclusively we must know what is meant by the term Tourism. broadly the term tourism is taken as the visit and pass away to oppo office places thence home townsfolk or city. The term tour means to visit places whether they atomic moment 18 for picnics or for business purposes. Tourism can be defined as to traveling for recreational, leisure or business purposes.1Mostly business purposes are concerned less with the regard of tourism phenomena. People travel mostly for leisure, enjoyment, relaxation and to break the bend of their daily work life. People travel for numerous reasons that could beFor visiting their relatives in other geographical locationsFor visiting the places of their interests like monuments, forts, architectural buildings, museums and so onFor aid or for to witness each events such like Dubai Shopping festivals, concerts of famous singers and actors, Basant in Pakistan and India etc .For research purposes and for collecting data for research on raise topicsFor religious activities and worship such as Hajj and Umrah in Islam, Guru Nanak Devs festival in Sikhism, etc.For events like New Year, Christmas, Eid, Independence Day, etc.For medical purposes such as for better treatment opportunities, for better environment for health, etc.For higher education and better jobs and business opportunitiesFor exposure and adventurous purposesAnd there could be so m some(prenominal) reasons and purposes for traveling. The globe Tourism Organization defines tourers as passel who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and non more than one consecutive course of instruction for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.2Tourism constancyTourism industry is one of the most important sectors of the nations economy. Tourism industry is ba sed upon the tourism policies made by administration, tourism development programs and projects, investments in the nutriment of the places for tourists, Ministry of tourism and entirely the factors and elements effecting the process and activity of tourism.In 2008, there were over 922 billion international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. In 2009, international tourists arrivals fell to 880 one thousand thousand, representing a worldwide decline of 4% as compared to 2008. The region most affected was Europe with a 6% decline.3RanksCountryUNWTO Regional food marketInternationaltouristarrivals(2009)4Internationaltouristarrivals(2008)5Internationaltouristarrivals(2007)61FranceEurope74.2 one billion million79.2million80.9million2USANorth America54.9million57.9million56million3SpainEurope52.2million57.2 million58.7 million4chinaAsia50.9 million53 million54.7 million5ItalyEurope43.2 million42.7 million43.7 million6UKEurope28 million30.1 million30.9 milli on7TurkeyEurope25.5 million25 million22.2 million8Germ whatsoeverEurope24.2 million24.9 million24.4 million9MalaysiaAsia23.6 million22.1 million21 million10MexicoNorth America21.5 million22.6 million21.4 millionThe World Tourism Organization reports the supra ten countries as the most visited from 2007 to 2009 by the number of international travelers.By the given table we can externalise that most of the top visited countries lie in the region of Europe continent. This also shows the importance of the tourism industrial sector importance in the economy of Europe. Ger numerous, France and Italy tourism receipts can be seen in the following table. The table shows the earnings of three developed states of Europe in tourism industry.CountryInternationalTourism taxation(2009)7InternationalTourismReceipts(2008)8InternationalTourismReceipts(2007)9France48.7billion$55.6billion$54.3billion$Italy40.2billion$45.7billion$42.7billion$Ger more34.7billion$40billion$36billion$We can see from the to a higher place table that how the tourism receipts of three important and developed countries of Europe rise and accrue during the period of 2007 to 2009.CountryInternationalTourismReceipts(2009)10InternationalTourismReceipts(2008)11InternationalTourismReceipts(2007)12France38.9billion$43.1billion$36.7billion$Italy27.8billion$30.8billion$27.3billion$Germany80.8billion$91billion$83.1billion$The World Tourism Organization reports above data that how much these three states spend on their tourism industry. German tourists are said to be the top spenders in the tourism Industry.Tourism industrial sector has great importance in each and e precise nations economy because its a great and taper source of generating foreign exchange rate.Pakistans Tourism IndustryPakistan is one of the really few countries which is not only if blessed by Cultural Heritage, Old Civilizations, Landscapes, Archaeological Ruins and Historic Monuments entirely also blessed by almost all kinds of weather a nd geographical areas. Pakistan is a destination that has so much to offer visitors from outside. By UNESCO World Heritage Site the list is hold by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. This list suggests catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural and natural importance to the unwashed heritage of humanity. Pakistan is also one of the states identified as a tourism site for international tourism activity. There are 6 sites identified by UNESCO World Heritage Site within the geographical boundaries of Pakistan as followedArchaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro, SindhBuddhist Ruins at Takht-i-Bahi and Neighboring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol, Khyber PakhtunkhwaTaxila, PunjabLahore foregather and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, PunjabHistoric Monuments of Thatta, SindhRohtas Fort, Punjab13UNESCO World Heritage Site not only makes the list but also provides funds and support for the maintenance of these sites and t o promote the tourism industrial sector of the state.Pakistan besides these 6 sites identified by UNESCO World Heritage Site has much more to offer tourists. Following are the sites other then the above 6 sites.Karakoram Highway through the endless peaks of the Karakoram MountainsArchitectural buildings and gardens of former Mughal capital city LahoreThe ancient bazaars of QuettaBeautiful beaches and the cosmopolitan streets of KarachiHill send and summer resorts like MurreeHiran Minar in Sheikhupura constructed by Emperor Jahangir a monument to Mansraj, one of his pet deerGurdwara Guru Nanak Temple Nankana Sahab.Mausoleums like Tomb of Jahangir, Tomb of Anarkali, and Khari Shareef etc.Changa Manga a planted forest and a wildlife center in Lahore District, PunjabCities like Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, etc containing entertainment sites like parks, restaurants, hotels, picnic areas, safari parks, cinemas, theatres, art exhibitions, concerts, dance clubs etcLandscapes like Naraan, Ka ghaan, Jheel Saif-ul-Malook, Siri Paaye, K2 cumulation, Hunza and Chitral vale etcAnd there are many more magnificent places in different areas of the states and is hard to count them and show them all in one list.During 1993, Pakistan received 0.379 million foreign tourists recording an increase of 7.7 per cent compared to previous years. Pakistan has earned Rs. 126 million US dollars in 1993 from foreign tourists indicating an increase of 5.4 per cent compared to 1992.14Pakistan with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes has attracted 0.7 million tourists to the country. Its almost the double of that a decade ago. Before the Global economic crisis over the world Pakistan received more than 500,000 tourists annually.15In October 2006, just one year after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, The Guardian (also formerly known as The Manchester Guardian) which is a British national daily newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group, released The top v tourist sites in Pakistan in order to help the countrys tourism industry.16These sites are as followedTaxila, PunjabCity Lahore, PunjabThe Karakoram Highway is the highest road in the world, winding through the Karakoram mountain range and connecting to ChinaIn the lush Hunza valley, the sleepy village of Karimabad is a tourist oasis.An exhilarating jeep drive from the resort town of Narran lie the hitherto waters and snow-capped mountains of Lake Saif-ul-Malook17To promote Pakistans unique and mixed cultural heritages, the Prime Minister launched the Visit Pakistan marketing campaign in 2007. This campaign involved various events throughout the year including fairs and religious festivals, regional sporting events, various arts and craft shows, folk festivals and several openings of historical museums.18The Tourism industry of Pakistan is growing with very slow speed. It can progress with rapid growth. Because of the en courage up in the foreign investment and funding, Pakistan is becoming more capable of buildin g and improving its nucleotide including air networks and facilities of movements of cargo and inter-city travel which are much improved and still improving day by day. Roads like Motor Way and Karakoram lane promoted traveling so much. But still the government has not been able to take the tourism market seriously within Pakistan. There are many reasons for this like Political instability, Crisis situations like Earthquake and Flood, tourist hooks which have not been funded or protected due to the government giving the tourism market a low priority. But I have noticed that besides these problems and instable situations, one of the major reasons in the decline of Tourism industry in Pakistan is the high holy terror of terrorism attacks and bomb blasts occurrence in Pakistans major and capital Cities. terrorism is hitting very hardly on the reputation of Pakistans relation with peace.To understand the phenomena of act of terrorism we will now discuss about it and then sanitary check the effects and its influence on the Tourism industrial sector of Pakistan.TerrorismTerrorism is the systematic use of terror curiously as a means of coercion.19The definitions of terrorism is those violent acts which are intended to create fear and terror among the people, are perpetrated and performed for a religious, political or ideological goals, and its deliberate targets are the bleak civilians. After the incident of 911 collapse of World Trade Centre in 2001 kinfolk 11 at New York City, the whole world become crazy of the phenomena of the term Terrorism. Terrorism not only affected the national security measures but also changed the view of peoples trust and relations with each other. Terrorism is the most serious issue of the international relations among the nations. Terrorism created numerous disputes among the different states and people. Mostly the disputes arises among the religious groups and the mostly the religious groups are targeted to Muslims. Although L arge numbers of Muslims are against such act of violence and deadly bomb blasts. The Groups which are considered to be creditworthy for such terrorist activities are mostly considered to be the Muslim group called AL-Qaeda.AL-Qaeda is a militant Islamist group founded sometime between August 1988 and late 1989. It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army and a fundamentalist Sunni movement calling for global Jihad. It is considered a terrorist organization.20AL-Qaeda has attacked many innocent civilians and targeted many military locations and offices in various countries, most notably the kinsfolk 11 attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. in 2001. Im not suggesting that the AL-Qaeda is the only group which performs the terrorism activities. It could be possible that many terrorism activities were performed by the local groups, by any political party or by any extremist group to accomplish or gain the success of their own interests. Thats why fr om onwards I will use the term Terrorists which is not referred to any specific group but to the people who perform such violence and deadly activities which are intended to create fear and terror among the people to achieve the interests of their own. Recent Attacks of terrorism shows that the new targets of Terrorists are the followingForeigners, tourists, travelers, and Office holders specially of the posts in foreign statesDiplomat residences and Diplomats office bearersHotels and Restaurants which are mostly the center field of attraction of foreigners, tourists and travelers.Foreigner Office bearers in local stateEmbassies of other states specially the European and American embassiesAir network and Air lines such as Flights, cloak-and-dagger jets, air planes, etc.Sites which are dedicated to tourists and travelers such as Railway stations, air ports, sea ports, etc.Air ports are specially endangered targeted site of terrorists because large number of foreigners uses this fac ility of transportation. Terrorists are today unstoppable because of their tactic of Suicide attack often called as suicide bombers. The world is so worried by such tactic because firstly its hard to stop such person to explode himher self and secondly these suicide bombers are trained and macrocosm mind washed to make themselves to explode themselves. Although USA declared the war against terrorism but the truth is that terrorists and terrorism activities are beyond the control of any state or agency.Terrorism AttacksThe concept of terrorist attacks are as old as the warfare and the geographical boundaries disputes but mostly the incident of United States, September 11 2001 is considered the starting date of massive attacks of terrorism in nations. Usually when ever we talk about Start of Terrorism or increase in the terrorism attacks, 911 is the incident which people usually recall to their minds. No doubt in it that after the 911 incident the terrorism activities increased with a great boost and almost each and every country of the world became the victim of the Suicidal attacks and Bomb Blasts. Thousands of people lost their lives. Following is the table of international terrorist attacks by closing toll.21EstimateNameCountryCityYear2,976September11, 2001 AttacksUnited StatesNew York20017962007 Qahtaniya barragesIraqQahtaniya2007334Beslan School SiegeRussiaBeslan2004209Mumbai train barrage firesIndiaMumbai2006191March 11, 2004 Madrid train bombingsSpainMadrid20041362007 Karachi bombingPakistanKarachi2007116Super ferry 14 bombingPhilippines20041122006 Digampathana bombingSri LankaDigampathana20061002008 Kandahar bombingAfghanistanKandahar2008902005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacksEgyptSharm el-Sheikh200574July 2010 Kampala attacksUgandaKampala201027+July 2010 Zahedan bombingsIranZahedan201062009 International Islamic University bombingPakistanIslamabad2009We can see in the above table that why the incident of 911 is considered to be the boost up in the terroris m activities. By the help of death tool Terrorists attacks table we can see that the largest death and loss of lives occurred in the attacks of World Trade Center in 2001. The attacks after 2001 in different cities and states dont even come up to half of the death casualties appeared in 911 attacks. The world policies and Issues of National protection changed overnight after the incident of 911. USA becomes very strict in the immigration policies and also in the approval of Visas. Not only USA but also many developed states like UK, Germany, France, Canada and many European states adopted the strict policies of Visa approval and immigration policies.Terrorism Attacks in PakistanPakistan also becomes the victim of terrorist attacks after the 911 incident. Following is the table derived from World Terrorist Attacks by death tool.22EstimateNameCityYear1362007 Karachi bombingKarachi200711728 October 2009 Peshawar bombingPeshawar200911010 October 2008 Orakzai bombingOrakzai20081052010 L akki Marwat suicide bombingLakki Marwat2010104Mohmand situation attackMohmand Agency201098May 2010 attacks on Ahmadi mosques in LahoreLahore201072+March 2010 Lahore bombingsLahore2010702008 Wah bombingWah200858April 2010 Kohat bombingsKohat2010562008 Ahmedabad bombingsAhmedabad200854celestial latitude 2009 Lahore attacksLahore200954Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombingIslamabad2008505 April 2010 Peshawar bombingsPeshawar201050July 2010 Lahore bombingsLahore2010482009 Jamrud mosque bombingJamrud2009472008 Parachinar bombingParachinar2008432009 Karachi bombingKarachi200938October 2009 Lahore attacksLahore200938December 2009 Rawalpindi attackRawalpindi200935November 2009 Rawalpindi bombingRawalpindi2009352009 Lahore bombingLahore200935September 2008 Peshawar bombingPeshawar200833December 2009 Dera Ghazi Khan bombingDera Ghazi Khan200930February 2010 Khyber Mosque bombingKhyber Agency201025+February 2010 Karachi bombingsKarachi20102519 April 2010 Peshawar bombingPeshawar2010232009 Pakistan Army General Headquarters attackPunjab200919February 2010 Khyber bombingKhyber201016January 2010 Bajaur bombingBajaur201012December 2009 Lower Dir mosque bombing PakistanLower Dir200910February 2010 Lower Dir bombingLower Dir201082008 Danish embassy bombing in IslamabadIslamabad200882009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket teamLahore200962009 International Islamic University bombingIslamabad2009We can see in the table that 7 terrorist attacks occurred in Lahore, 3 terrorist attacks occurred in Capital City Islamabad and 3 terrorist attacks occurred in Karachi, which are not only the major cities of Pakistan but also the centre of Tourists to Pakistan. During the period of 2007 to 2010 the total estimate of death casualties is more then 1660 (Sixteen hundred and sixty) people. The security issue is the big issue in every city of Pakistan especially in Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi. We can see that large number of Security measures have been taken to prevent such disastrous situa tions. The terrorists attacks in International Islamic University at Islamabad in 2009 not only terrorized the National Security but also lend great impacts upon the security measures of Educational and other institutions. umpteen terrorists attacks in Shopping Malls and local Markets raised the question of how to increase the Security measures? Citizens are even more terrified by the Bomb blasts in caparison Societies like Iqbal Town, Samanabad and Model Town. The general behavior of citizens of Pakistan is that they are not safe and the measures which are taken for Local and National Security are useless. The security measures at local level have been very much increased with a dramatic change in behaviors of Citizens. Four years earlier citizens wont stick for an unknown car parked in there alleys but now situation is so different. Even kids now notices unknown parked Cars and activities of strangers in their streets or areas. Different people have different opinions about the se Terrorism attacks but these Terrorism Attacks have influenced each and every body from young to old, student to worker, man of affairs to employee, Citizens to Foreigners.Terrorism effect on Tourism IndustryTerrorism Attacks and Terrorists activities has great impact on the Tourism industrial Sector. Terrorism has a great and direct relation with the policies of tourism industry. Terrorism deeply influences the policies of Visa approval and the immigration process policies which plays an important role in the process of tourism activities and movement. We can see that after the 911 incident, USA termed very strict policies in the Visa approval and immigration especially for the citizens of Islamic states and for the Muslims. The strict policies are not only followed by USA but also by many other developed states like Canada, Australia, as well as many European states like Germany, France, Norway, UK, Italy, Denmark and many more. Underdeveloped states like India also followed suc h strict policies. The Strict Visa approval policies and the immigration policies are made to secure and promote the National Security of the states and nations. Terrorism attacks and terrorism activities influences directly the Visa approval and immigration policies. As the state will suffer more terrorism attacks the state will relent less Visas and Immigration to the foreigners. The state will also Grant less Visas and Immigration to the foreigners and citizens of those states where there exists Great Terrorism Activities and where Terrorists attacks had been occurred. The Activities of Terrorism has negative effect on the grant of Visas and Immigrations.Although today the world became a global village after the inventions of better transportations (like Airplanes, Air Jets, Ships, Electric Trains and Fast cars like Ferrari, Jaguar, and BMW etc) and much improved infrastructures. make better infrastructure dramatically increased the tourists movements in the world but after the se terrorists attacks, we can see appearance of decline in the Tourism Industry World wide. There is a great and increasingly decline in tourists arrivals in each year. The major reason for the decline in the Tourism economy is the Terrorism Activities.Terrorism effect on Tourism Industry in PakistanWe can see that large number of Terrorist attacks occurred in the city Lahore which is also a tourist and cultural hub of the Pakistan. Lahore is the city with many architectural buildings, Gardens of Mughal period, Monuments like Minar-e-Pakistan, Lahore Fort, Mosques of Mughal Period, Museums, Hotels and other entertainment sectors like Cinemas, Restaurants, and Family Parks etc. After these terrorist attacks Lahore is considered the most dangerous city in Pakistan to Travel. Since 2007 till 2010 there have been 7 terrorists attacks in which more then 355 people are killed. As we have discussed earlier that there had been more then 36 terrorist attacks since 2007 in which more then 166 0 death casualties appeared. The estimated deaths could be far more then calculated. After these terrorists attacks the number of tourists are declining each year, especially in Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi. Various campaigns are formed to attract tourist from around the world and to promote the Tourism economy of the state but still the number of tourists has been dropping each year constantly. This year it dropped by 6% as compared to the figures of last year data. Its the harsh image, bad reputation of the political system and indistinct National security measures that is discouraging traveling and tourism economy to promote.Pakistans Minister of Tourism sees the situation very differently and says Things are not good in many parts of the world. There are crime problems. There are slums. There are terrorist problems. Sri Lanka has had the Tamil Tigers for decades and people still go, if you think where you are difference should be completely peaceful, you will be constricted i n your options. Being a tourist in the 21st Century requires a little courage23But people dont travel and dont perform tourism activities to show their courage or bravery. The act of Tourism is in itself an activity of both mind and carnal Relaxation. According to me how Minister of Tourism can use these lines to promote Tourism economy of the state? Or what kind of excuse it is for decline in Tourism economy? I think its funny that our Minister of Tourism Industry suggests that besides the instable political system, crisis situations like Flood and Earthquakes, and Terrorists Attacks, we should not be afraid to travel to Pakistan. How is it possible that foreigners and tourists change their behavior and thinking like this when citizens of Pakistan are seeking for immigration opportunities and to abandon their Home towns and Birth place. You can see by yourself that people are always cursing Government and politics especially with regarding to the issues of Inflations and Terrorism Activities. Citizens are so terrified to go to mosques for Prayers and even to go to Markets for shopping all because of these Terrorist Attacks and Activities.The World Economic Forum produced the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report in 2009. The report provides a cross-country analysis of the drivers of competitiveness in travel and tourism, providing useful comparative information for making business decisions and additional value to governments wishing to improve their travel and tourism environments.24Pakistan bedded 113 out of 130 countries on the List of Global countries chart which should be visited and which are the great deal of Tourism activities. Last year Pakistan ranked 111 out of 124 countries, so in naive realism Pakistans ranking remains stagnant. On the other side Pakistans neighbor India ranked 11th in the Asian region and 62nd in the world overall.Although Pakistan ranked well in price competitiveness in the industry mainly because of low fuel prices, hig h purchasing power parity, and the extent of effect of taxation. Pakistan also ranked well in the number of heritage and cultural sites, and creative industr

Massive Anti-Islam Sentiment in the United States Essay -- Islamophobi

Islam is a monotheistic religion, centered around the teachings of the Quran and serving Allah (meaning God in Arabic). However, this Abrahamic religion has been gratingly discriminated against in the United States for years. about prominently throughout the last dozen years, post September 11th, 2001. Unfortunately, issues such as socialization through the media, power distribution, ghostly ignorance, stereotyping and visible differences obtain contributed to the ill attitudes towards Muslims. This paper will examine how Americans have been socialized in islamophobia within the United States. Islamophobia is defined as the unfounded dislike towards Muslims, and therefore revere or dislike of all or intimately Muslims. The first time islamophobia was introduced as a concept was in November 1997 by the Runnymede arrogance Report. The report was the first time islamophobia was discussed, based on British Muslim populations, to better conditions for Muslims. In response to th e report, the British Government approved the first state keep for specifically Muslim schools in late 1997, and there has been some proceeds in media portrayals of Islam. (Commission on British Muslims) Islamophobia is indeed similar to xenophobia, the fear of foreignness and unfamiliarity, but is specific to the religion of Islam. Islamophobia has lead to discrimination, prejudices, assault, and hate crimes.It is interesting to conk out the changes of islamophobia. When perhaps originally, islamophobia was a concept only describing the fear of Islam. Now, it has become racialized into the fear of Arabs as well, rather than a religious fear. The phobia continues to spread from the irrational fear of Islam to perhaps a fear of anyone who may be percei... ...Caller. N.p., 05 Aug. 2013. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. . Prothero, Stephen. Worshipping in Ignorance. The accounting Review. The Chronicle for Higher Education, 16 Mar. 2009. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. . Ratnesar, Romesh. Ground Zero Exagg erating the Jihadist Threat. TIME.com. N.p., 18 Aug. 2010. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. . Rose, Steve. Since 9/11, Racism and Islamophobia Remain Intertwined Steve Rose. The Huffington Post UK. N.p., 09 Nov. 2013. Web. 16 Dec. 2014. Schevitz, Tanya. FBI Sees Leap in Anti-Muslim Hate Crimes / 9/11 Attacks Blamed for Bias -- Blacks Still Most Frequent Victims. SFGate. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. Massive Anti-Islam Sentiment in the United States Essay -- IslamophobiIslam is a monotheistic religion, centered around the teachings of the Quran and serving Allah (meaning God in Arabic). However, this Abrahamic religion has been harshly discriminated against in the United States for years. Most prominently throughout the last twelve years, post September 11th, 2001. Unfortunately, issues such as socialization through the media, power distribution, religious ignorance, stereotyping and visible differences have contributed to the ill attitudes towards Muslims. This paper will exa mine how Americans have been socialized in islamophobia within the United States. Islamophobia is defined as the unfounded hostility towards Muslims, and therefore fear or dislike of all or most Muslims. The first time islamophobia was introduced as a concept was in November 1997 by the Runnymede Trust Report. The report was the first time islamophobia was discussed, based on British Muslim populations, to better conditions for Muslims. In response to the report, the British Government approved the first state funding for specifically Muslim schools in late 1997, and there has been some improvement in media portrayals of Islam. (Commission on British Muslims) Islamophobia is indeed similar to xenophobia, the fear of foreignness and unfamiliarity, but is specific to the religion of Islam. Islamophobia has lead to discrimination, prejudices, assault, and hate crimes.It is interesting to analyze the changes of islamophobia. When perhaps originally, islamophobia was a concept only descr ibing the fear of Islam. Now, it has become racialized into the fear of Arabs as well, rather than a religious fear. The phobia continues to spread from the irrational fear of Islam to perhaps a fear of anyone who may be percei... ...Caller. N.p., 05 Aug. 2013. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. . Prothero, Stephen. Worshipping in Ignorance. The Chronicle Review. The Chronicle for Higher Education, 16 Mar. 2009. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. . Ratnesar, Romesh. Ground Zero Exaggerating the Jihadist Threat. TIME.com. N.p., 18 Aug. 2010. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. . Rose, Steve. Since 9/11, Racism and Islamophobia Remain Intertwined Steve Rose. The Huffington Post UK. N.p., 09 Nov. 2013. Web. 16 Dec. 2014. Schevitz, Tanya. FBI Sees Leap in Anti-Muslim Hate Crimes / 9/11 Attacks Blamed for Bias -- Blacks Still Most Frequent Victims. SFGate. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.

Childrens Morality Vs. How Moral Are You? :: essays research papers

A Reaction Paper to How Moral Are You? by Kohlberg, L. (1963) The Development of childrens orientationof good thought & Telling The Truth by Barasch, Douglas S.(Family Life)I read both of these articles and found them to be interesting. In the first article, How Moral Are You? published in Forty Studies that changed Psychology IV by Roger R. Hock, what is discussed is Lawrence Kohlbergs research on the formation of goodity. Kohlberg believed the ability to moralize situations encountered in life develops in a proper(postnominal) pattern during our childhood years. He believed that a child must reach a certain stage and mentality in order to create a level of morality. I found the information he presented was interesting. Things such as each stage a child undergoes increases the understanding of the concept of morality and the stages continuously occur in a step-by-step pattern. Kohlberg reasoned the stages are prepotent, meaning the child understands every stage that he/she has been through and a vague root word of the stage above them (197). As for how he researched his supposition, the process seems simple enough. He supplied children of different ages with 10 hypothetical moral dilemmas(197). I found myself answering the questions nearly moral issues with confusion. The question that was most difficult to answer was the Heinz Dilemma in which a man commits a crime to save his wife from dying. I would acquit his the husband actions because the druggist was being unfair in his offering price for his medicine. That kind of druggist shouldnt be allowed to be creating drugs anywayhis job is to aid hatful not the antithesis.I enjoyed reading this article but conceived of a few flaws in his theory that he Kohlberg did not address though many other critiques did. The glitches in his theory were such as although Kohlberg represents an interpretation of morality, most of these ideas represent Western cultures and failed to apply to non-Western cultures. It was also difficult to apply his theory equally for both men and women. He did a wonderful job of explaining morality even though it would not stand up on its own in the years to come.The second article I read, I found to be similar to my first in the fact that they both discussed moral reasoning of children and different so-called stages. It was published by Douglas S. Barasch in the 1998 February issue of the magazine, Family Life.